Åðóñàëèìñêèé Å. Ë.
ÝÊÑÒÅÐÜÅÐ ÑÎÁÀÊÈ È ÅÃÎ ÎÖÅÍÊÀ
ÈÇÄÀÒÖÅÍÒÐ Ìîñêâà 2002
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ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ
Ãëàâà 1. ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÎÁÙÅÃÎ ÝÊÑÒÅÐÜÅÐÀ ÑÎÁÀÊÈ
1.1. ÀÍÀÒÎÌÈß È ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈß ÑÎÁÀÊÈ................................................................ 8
1.1.1. ÎÑÒÅÎËÎÃÈß .......................................................................................... …………8
1.1.2. ÌÓÑÊÓËÀÒÓÐÀ ÑÎÁÀÊÈ .................................................................................... 13
1.1.3. ÊÎÆÍÛÉ ÏÎÊÐÎÂ ÑÎÁÀÊÈ ................................................................................ 13
1.1.4. ÀÏÏÀÐÀÒ ÏÈÙÅÂÀÐÅÍÈß ÑÎÁÀÊÈ ................................................................ 15
1.1.5. ÄÛÕÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÀÏÏÀÐÀÒ ..................................................................................17
1.1.6. ÊÐÎÂÎËÈÌÔÎÎÁÐÀÙÅÍÈÅ.............................................................................. ..18
1.1.7. ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÌÎ×ÅÂÛÄÅËÅÍÈß ............................................................................ 18
1.1.8. ÎÐÃÀÍÛ ÐÀÇÌÍÎÆÅÍÈß .................................................................................... 18
1.1.9. ÎÐÃÀÍÛ ×ÓÂÑÒÂ ....................................................................................................19
1.1.10. ÍÅÐÂÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ (ÍÑ).................................................................................... 22
1.2. ÑÒÀÒÈ È ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐÈÑÒÈÊÈ ÑÎÁÀÊÈ .........................................22
1.2.1. ÃÎËÎÂÀ ..................................................................................................................... 23
1.2.2. ØÅß .............................................................................................................................33
1.2.3. ÒÓËÎÂÈÙÅ............................................................................................................... 37
1.2.4. ÕÂÎÑÒ........................................................................................................................ 45
1.2.5. ÏÅÐÅÄÍÈÅ ÊÎÍÅ×ÍÎÑÒÈ .................................................................................... 47
1.2.6. ÇÀÄÍÈÅ ÊÎÍÅ×ÍÎÑÒÈ ......................................................................................... 52
1.2.7. ÄÂÈÆÅÍÈß ............................................................................................................... 59
1.2.7. ØÅÐÑÒÍÛÉ ÏÎÊÐÎÂ...............................................................................................66
1.2.8. ÎÊÐÀÑÛ .....................................................................................................................70
1.2.9. ÒÈÏÛ ÑËÎÆÅÍÈß ÑÎÁÀÊ.................................................................................... 74
Ãëàâà 2. ÁÈÎÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÑÎÁÀÊÈ
2.1. ÎÏÈÑÀÍÈÅ ÁÈÎÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÌÎÄÅËÈ..................................................... 78
2.1.1. ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÏÎÑÒÓËÀÒÀ 1 ........................................................................................80
2.1.2. ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÏÎÑÒÓËÀÒÀ 2........................................................................................ 81
2.1.3. ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÏÎÑÒÓËÀÒÀ 3.........................................................................................82
2.1.4. ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÏÎÑÒÓËÀÒÀ 4........................................................................................ 82
2.1.5. ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÏÎÑÒÓËÀÒÀ 5........................................................................................ 84
2.1.6. ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÏÎÑÒÓËÀÒÀ 6........................................................................................ 88
2.1.7. ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÏÎÑÒÓËÀÒÀ 7........................................................................................ 89
2.1.8. ÎÒÈÌÀËÜÍÀß ÔÎÐÌÀ ÃÐÓÄÍÎÉ ÊÎÑÒÈ ...................................................... 90
2.1.9. ÑÂßÇÜ ÔÎÐÌÀÒÀ Ñ ÀËËÞÐÎÌ ......................................................................... 91
2.1.10. ÑÒÅËÞÙÀßÑß ÐÛÑÜ...........................................................................................93
2.1.11. ÈÍÎÕÎÄÜ ............................................................................................................... 94
2. 2. Ê ÂÎÏÐÎÑÓ Î ÑËÎÆÅÍÈÈ ÐÓÑÑÊÎÉ ÏÑÎÂÎÉ ÁÎÐÇÎÉ
È ÍÅÌÅÖÊÎÉ ÎÂ×ÀÐÊÈ Ñ ÏÎÇÈÖÈÈ ÌÎÄÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÏÎÄÕÎÄÀ
2.2.1. ÁÈÎÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÐÓÑÑÊÎÉ ÏÑÎÂÎÉ ÁÎÐÇÎÉ ....................98
2.2.2. ÝÂÎËÞÖÈß ÑÈËÓÝÒÀ ÍÅÌÅÖÊÎÉ ÎÂ×ÀÐÊÈ............................................. 102
Ãëàâà 3. ÃÀÐÌÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÑÎÁÀÊÈ, ÇÎËÎÒÎÅ ÑÅ×ÅÍÈÅ
3.1. ÇÎËÎÒÎÅ ÑÅ×ÅÍÈÅ .................................................................................................110
3.1.1. ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏ ÄÅËÅÍÈß ÖÅËÎÃÎ Â ÐÀÂÍÎÌ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈÈ.......................... 110
3.1.2. ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏ ÄÅËÅÍÈß ÎÒÐÅÇÊÀ  ÑÐÅÄÍÅÃÀÐÌÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÎÌ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈÈ .111
3.1.3. ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅ ÅÂÊËÈÄÀ ................................................................................. 111
3.1.4. ÁÎÆÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÀß ÏÐÎÏÎÐÖÈß ........................................................................ 113
3.1.5. ×ÈÑËÀ ÔÈÁÎÍÀ××È ...........................................................................................114
3.2. ÃÀÐÌÎÍÈ×ÍÎÅ ÑËÎÆÅÍÈÅ ÑÎÁÀÊÈ .............................................................. 116
3.2.1. ÏÐÎÏÎÐÖÈß 1........................................................................................................ 117
3.2.2. ÏÐÎÏÎÐÖÈß 2........................................................................................................ 118
3.2.3. ÏÐÎÏÎÐÖÈß 3........................................................................................................ 118
3.2.4. ÏÐÎÏÎÐÖÈß 4........................................................................................................ 118
3.2.5. ÏÐÎÏÎÐÖÈß 5........................................................................................................ 120
3 3. ÃÀÐÌÎÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÍÅÌÅÖÊÎÉ ÎÂ×ÀÐÊÈ...................................... 121
3.3.1. ÁÀÇÎÂÛÉ ÓÐÎÂÅÍÜ ............................................................................................ 121
3.3.2. ÑÏÎÊÎÉÍÛÉ ÒÈÏ ÍÅÌÅÖÊÎÉ ÎÂ×ÀÐÊÈ .................................................... 121
3.3.3. ÏÅÐÅÍÀÏÐßÆÅÍÍÛÉ ÒÈÏ ÍÅÌÅÖÊÎÉ ÎÂ×ÀÐÊÈ.......................................122
3.3.4. ÍÀÏÐßÆÅÍÍÛÉ ÒÈÏ ÍÅÌÅÖÊÎÉ ÎÂ×ÀÐÊÈ ............................................... 123
3.3.5. ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÏÐÎÏÎÐÖÈÉ ...........................................................................................123
3.3.6. ÏÓÒÈ ÝÂÎËÞÖÈÈ ÍÅÌÅÖÊÎÉ ÎÂ×ÀÐÊÈ...................................................... 124
3.3.7. ÒÓÏÈÊÎÂÛÅ ÏÓÒÈ ............................................................................................... 125
Ãëàâà 4. Î ÏÎÂÛØÅÍÈÈ ÊÂÀËÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ ÝÊÑÏÅÐÒÎÂ-ÊÈÍÎËÎÃÎÂ
4.1. ÈÑÒÎÐÈß È ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÎ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÀ ......................................................................127
4.1.1. ÍÅÎÁÕÎÄÈÌÎÑÒÜ ÏÎÂÛØÅÍÈß ÊÂÀËÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ....................................127
4.1.2. ÑÏÅÖÈÔÈÊÀ ÑÎÂÅÒÑÊÎÉ ÊÈÍÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ØÊÎËÛ ...........................127
4.1.3. ÏËÞÑÛ È ÌÈÍÓÑÛ ÑÎÂÅÒÑÊÎÉ ÊÈÍÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ØÊÎËÛ ..............129
4.1.4. ÏÐÀÊÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÏÓÒÜ ÏÎÂÛØÅÍÈß ÊÂÀËÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ............................ 131
4 2. ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÀÖÈÈ ÑÎÈÑÊÀÒÅËßÌ ÇÂÀÍÈß ÝÊÑÏÅÐÒÀ ÐÊÔ .........................132
4.2.1. ÒÈÏÈ×ÍÛÅ ÎØÈÁÊÈ ÑÎÈÑÊÀÒÅËÅÉ............................................................... 132
4.2.2. ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÀÖÈÈ ÏÎ ÑÎÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈÞ ÎÏÈÑÀÍÈÉ...................................... 133
4.2.3. Î ÏÐÎÔÏÐÈÃÎÄÍÎÑÒÈ ÝÊÑÏÅÐÒÎÂ-ÊÈÍÎËÎÃÎÂ ...................................... 188
4.2.4. ÊÐÈÒÅÐÈÈ ÎÖÅÍÎÊ ............................................................................................... 189
4.2.5. ÌÀÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÝÊÑÏÅÐÒÈÇÛ ............................................................................... 190
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